The husband as an informal caregiver of a chronically ill wife. Analysis of men’s representations in features on breast cancer in the women’s magazines
More details
Hide details
1
Instytut Pedagogiki, Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. Dawida 1, 50-527 Wrocław, Polska
Submission date: 2018-11-29
Final revision date: 2019-01-18
Acceptance date: 2019-01-18
Publication date: 2019-02-01
Corresponding author
Edyta Zierkiewicz
Instytut Pedagogiki, Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, ul. Dawida 1, 50-527 Wrocław, Polska.
Wychowanie w Rodzinie 2018;19(3):273-305
KEYWORDS
ABSTRACT
Cancer diagnosed in a wife/mother affects the entire family system, disrupting
its functioning. Until recently, however, breast cancer was treated by women as
their private trouble – they rarely talked about their illness with their husbands,
and concealed it from their children. Most often, they sought support from mothers and sisters or in patient associations. The changes currently taking place in
Polish society are conducive to the appearance of greater openness and intimacy in marriage, also in the situation of illness suffered by a wife. In Poland, no
scientific research has yet been carried out regarding the issue of husbands’ involvement in the role of an informal caregiver of a wife with breast cancer, at most
it was noted that husbands constitute the most important source of support for
chronically ill partners. The issue of dyadic coping has been studied in the West
for at least two decades, while in Poland only mass media mentioned it.
The aim: The aim of the study was to identify the subject positions offered to
husbands of sick wives, described in features in women’s magazines on the experience of breast cancer. The analyses were also supposed to provide an answer to
the question of whether the marital relationships shown are a proper example of
dyadic coping with a wife’s illness in Polish society.
Method: The study used the method of critical discourse analysis and focused
on examining the subject positions of husbands of chronically ill wives.
Results and conclusions: Four features from women’s magazines describing
the experiences of women with breast cancer were subjected to research. These features appeared between September and November, that is when mass media implement a social mission to raise awareness about breast cancer. Critical
analysis of the press discourse has identified three main subject positions of the
husbands who take up “marital work”, which cannot be described explicitly as dyadic coping with breast cancer in their wives. The women’s magazines published features showing the changes within the marriage, and at the same time, as
is typical of this type of mass media, does not acknowledge its occurrence.
REFERENCES (82)
1.
Ahmad S. [i in.], The closer ‘we’ are, the stronger ‘I’ am. The impact of couple identity on cancer coping self-efficacy, „Journal of Behavioral Medicine” 2017, nr 40,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
2.
Allen S. M., Goldscheider F., Ciambrone D., Gender roles, marital intimacy, and nomination of spouse as primary caregiver, „The Gerontologist” 1999, vol. 39, nr 2,
https://doi.org/10.1093/geront... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
3.
Ames M., Burcon S., How pop culture shapes the stages of a woman’s life. From toddlers-in-tiaras to cougars-on the-prowl, Palgrave Macmillan, Nowy Jork 2016.
4.
Araüna N., Tortajada I., Willem C. M., Portrayals of caring masculinities in fiction film. The male caregiver in Still mine, Intouchables and Nebraska, „Masculinities and Social Change” 2018, vol. 7, nr 1,
https://hipatiapress.com/hpjou... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
5.
Baczewska B. [i in.], Strategie radzenia sobie z chorobą nowotworową w okresie chemioterapii, „Journal of Education, Health and Sport” 2016, vol. 6, nr 11,
http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.ph... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
6.
Belcher A. J., Daily support in couples coping with early stage breast cancer. Maintaining intimacy during adversity, „Health Psychology” 2011, vol. 30, nr 6,
https://doi.org/10.1037/a00247... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
7.
Bigatti S. M. [i in.], Breast cancer in a wife. How husbands cope and how well it works, „Cancer Nursing” 2011, vol. 34, nr 3.
8.
Bodenmann G., Dyadic coping. A systemic-transactional view of stress and coping among couples. Theory and empirical findings, „Revue Europe´enne de Psychologie Applique´e” 1997, vol. 47, nr 2.
9.
Bodenmann G., Dyadic coping and its significance for marital functioning, [w:] T. A.Revenson, K. Kayser, G. Bodenmann (red.), Couples coping with stress. Emerging perspectives on dyadic coping, APA, Washington 2005.
10.
Brennan J., Adjustment to cancer – coping or personal transition, „Psycho-Oncology” 2001, vol. 10, nr 1,
https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1...<1:AID-PON484>3.0.CO;2-T [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
11.
Buchbinder M., Longhoffer J., McCue K., Family routines and rituals when a parent has cancer, „Families Systems & Health” 2009, vol. 27, nr 3,
https://doi.org/10.1037/a00170... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
12.
Budziszewska B. K.[i in.], Psychologiczne problemy rodziny pacjentów z chorobami nowotworowymi krwi w koncepcji systemowej, „Acta Haematologica Polonica” 2005, vol. 36, nr 3,
http://pthit.pl/Acta_Haematolo... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
13.
Burke W. [i in.], Misleading presentation of breast cancer in popular magazines, „Effective Clinical Practice” 2001, vol. 4, nr 2.
14.
Cancian F. M., Gordon S. L., Changing emotion norms in marriage. Love and anger in U.S. women’s magazines since 1900, „Gender and Society” 1988, vol. 2, nr 3.
15.
Clark M. M. [i in.], Cancer caregiver fatigue. A high level of symptom burden, „American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Medicine” 2014, vol. 31, nr 2,
https://doi.org/10.1177/104990... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
16.
Clarke J. N., Media portrayal of disease from the medical, political economy and lifestyle perspectives, „Qualitative Health Research” 1991, vol. 1, nr 3,
https://doi.org/10.1177/104973... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
17.
Dagan M. [i in.], Spousal support and changes in distress over time in couples coping with cancer. The role of personal control, „Journal of Family Psychology” 2011, vol. 25, nr 2,
https://doi.org/10.1037/a00228... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
18.
Dalmer N. K., ‘Add info and stir’. An institutional ethnographic scoping review of family care-givers’ information work, „Ageing & Society” 2018, vol. 40, nr 3,
https://doi.org/10.1017/S01446... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
19.
Drageset S., Lindstrøm T. Ch., Underlid K.,“I just have to move on”. Women’s coping experiences and reflections following their first year after primary breast cancer surgery, „European Journal of Oncology Nursing” 2016, vol. 21,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
20.
Falconier M. K. [i in.], Dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction. A meta-analysis, „Clinical Psychology Review” 2015, vol. 42,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
21.
Fergus K. D., Gray R. E., Relationship vulnerabilities during breast cancer. Patient and partner perspectives, „Psycho-Oncology” 2009, vol. 18, nr 12,
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.15... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
22.
Gibson A. F. [i in.], ‘...My biggest worry now is how my husband is going to cope’. Women’s relational experiences of cancer ‘care’ during illness, „Journal of Gender Studies” 2018, vol. 27, nr 8,
https://doi.org/10.1080/095892... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
23.
Gibson A. F. [i in.], The social reception of women with cancer, „Qualitative Health Research” 2017, vol. 27, nr 7,
https://doi.org/10.1177/104973... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
24.
Gough B., Try to be healthy, but don’t forgot your masculinity. Deconstructing men’s health discourse in media, „Social Science & Medicine” 2006, vol. 63, nr 9,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socs... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
25.
Gregorio Godeo E. de, Critical discourse analysis as an analytical resource for cultural studies. Exploring the discursive construction of subject positions in British men’s magazines’ problem pages, „Revista Alicantina de Estudios Ingleses” 2006, nr 19,
http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/rae... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
26.
Grzelczak A., Rak piersi – doświadczenie, które mnie zmieniło, „Poradnik Domowy” 2019, nr 11, s. 78–81.
27.
Hagedoorn M. [i in.], Failing in spousal caregiving. The ‘identity-relevant stress’ hypothesis to explain sex differences in caregiver distress, „British Journal of Health Psychology” 2002, vol. 7, nr 4,
https://doi.org/10.1348/135910... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
28.
Heijmans M., Ridder D. de, Bensing J., Dissimilarity in patients’ and spouses representations of chronic illness. Exploration of relations to patient adaptation, „Psychology and Health” 1999, vol. 14, nr 3,
https://doi.org/10.1080/088704... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
29.
Hilton B. A., The relationship of uncertainty, control, commitment, and threat of recurrence to coping strategies used by women diagnosed with breast cancer, „Journal of Behavioral Medicine” 1989, vol. 12, nr 1,
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF0084... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
30.
Hilton B. A., Crawford J. A., Tarko M. A., Men’s perspectives on individual and family coping with their wives’ breast cancer and chemotherapy, „Western Journal of Nursing Research” 2000, vol. 22, nr 4,
https://doi.org/10.1177/019394... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
31.
Hinnant A., Len-Riós M. E., Young R., Journalistic use of exemplars to humanize health news, „Journalism Studies” 2013, vol. 14, nr 4,
https://doi.org/10.1080/14616-... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
32.
Hryciuk R. E., Korolczuk E., Konteksty upolitycznienia macierzyństwa i ojcostwa we współczesnej Polsce, [w:] R. E. Hryciuk, E. Korolczuk (red.), Niebezpieczne związki. Macierzyństwo, ojcostwo i polityka, Wydawnictwo UW, Warszawa 2015.
33.
Jones S. C., Coverage of breast cancer in the Australian print media. Does advertising and editorial coverage reflect correct social marketing messages?, „Journal of Health Communication” 2004, vol. 9, nr 4,
https://doi.org/10.1080/108107... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
34.
Kangas E., Lämsä A. M., Jyrkinen M., Is fatherhood allowed? Media discourses of fatherhood in organizational life, „Gender, Work and Organization” 2019, vol. 26, nr 10,
https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.1... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
35.
Karwat J., Zaczynam drugie życie, „Zdrowie” 2019, nr 10, s. 52–55.
36.
Kaszuba K., „Twój Styl” adaptuje amerykańską modę na raka piersi, [w:] E. Zierkiewicz, Rozmowy o raku piersi. Trzy poziomy konstruowania znaczeń choroby, Oficyna Wydawnicza Atut, Wrocław 2010.
37.
Kayser K., Watson L.E., Andrade J. T., Cancer as a „we-disease”. Examining the process of coping from a relational perspective, „Families, Systems & Health” 2007, vol. 25, nr 4,
https://www.researchgate.net/p... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
38.
Kinsinger S.W. [i in.], Perceived partner support and psychosexual adjustment to breast cancer, „Psychology & Health” 2011, vol. 26, nr 12,
https://doi.org/10.1080/088704... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
39.
Kluczyńska U., Mężczyźni w pielęgniarstwie. W stronę męskości opiekuńczej, Wydawnictwo UM, Poznań 2017.
41.
Kurowska K., Adamczyk I., Rola wsparcia i zachowań zdrowotnych w zmaganiu się kobiet z rakiem piersi, „Current Gynecologic Oncology” 2014, vol. 12, nr 4,
http://www.ginekologia.pl/inde... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
42.
Lederberg M. S., The family of the cancer patient, [w:] J. C. Holland (red.), Psycho-oncology, Oxford University Press, Nowy Jork – Oxford 1998.
43.
Leńska M., Szukała żony dla swojego męża, „Historie życia. Szpitalny oddział ratunkowy” 2019, nr 1, s. 40–41.
44.
Lethborg C. E., Kissane D., Burns W. I, ‘It’s not the easy part’. The experience of significant others of women with early stage breast cancer at treatment completion, „Social Work in Health Care” 2003, vol. 37, nr 1,
https://doi.org/10.1300/J010v3... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
46.
Li Q. P., Loke A. Y., The positive aspects of caregiving for cancer patients. A critical review of the literature and directions for future research, „Psycho-Oncology” 2013, vol. 22, nr 11,
https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.33... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
47.
Li Q. P., Mak Y. W., Loke A. Y., Spouses’ experience of caregiving for cancer patients. A literature review, „International Nursing Review” 2013, vol. 60, nr 2,
https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
48.
MacKenzie R. [i in.], “No respecter of youth”. Over-representation of young women in Australian television coverage of breast cancer, „Journal of Cancer Education” 2010, vol. 25, nr 4.
49.
Maunsell E., Brisson J., Deschênes L., Social support and survival among women with breast cancer, „Cancer” 1995, vol. 76, nr 4, DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(19950815)76:4<631::aid-cncr2820760414>3.0.co;2-9 [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
50.
Mazurek E., Rak piersi i emocje. Małżonkowie wobec decyzji o rekonstrukcji piersi u żony, „Przegląd Pedagogiczny” 2016, nr 2.
51.
Mazurek E., Rak piersi w rodzinie wyzwaniem dla badań biograficznych, [w:] K. Kuryś-Szyncel (red.), Rodzinne (re)konstrukcje i transmisje w perspektywie biograficznej, Wydawnictwo UAM, Poznań 2017.
52.
McGannon K. R. [i in.], Breast cancer representations in Canadian news media. A critical discourse analysis of meanings and the implications for identity, „Qualitative Research in Psychology” 2016, vol. 13, nr 2,
https://doi.org/10.1080/147808... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
53.
Mika K. A., Po odjęciu piersi, Wydawnictwo Lekarskie PZWL, Warszawa 1995.
54.
Pasek M., Jackowska R., Strategie radzenia sobie w chorobie kobiet po mastektomii, [w:] G. Dębska, J. Jaśkiewicz (red.), Interdyscyplinarne aspekty nauk o zdrowiu, Oficyna Wydawnicza AFM, Kraków 2010.
55.
Rajczak K., Chcę i mam dla kogo żyć, „Przyjaciółka” 2019, nr 20, s. 12–13.
56.
Revenson T. A. [i in.], Caregiving in the illness context, Palgrave Macmillan, Londyn 2016.
57.
Rogala D., Sobieralska-Michalak K., Deja E., Strategie radzenia sobie z chorobą wśród kobiet z nowotworem piersi, [w:] M. Maciąg, B. A. Nowak (red.), Choroby cywilizacyjne i społeczne XXI w. Przegląd i badania, Tygiel, Lublin 2016.
59.
Salamon M., Przewodnicząca klubu kobiet „odradzających się z popiołów”, [w:] E. Zierkiewicz, Rozmowy o raku piersi. Trzy poziomy konstruowania znaczeń choroby, Oficyna Wydawnicza Atut, Wrocław 2010.
60.
Sanchez N., Jones H., “Less than a wife”. A study of polycystic ovary syndrome content in teen and women’s digital magazines, „Journal of Medical Internet Research” 2016, vol. 18, nr 6, e89,
https://www.jmir.org/2016/6/e8... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
61.
Sawin E. M., ‘My husband would not help me, so I was driving over there’. Older rural women experiencing breast cancer w ith a nonsupportive intimate partner, „Rural Remote Health” 2010, vol. 10, nr 4, www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/1536 [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
62.
Scheuer C. L., Mills A. J., Discursivity and media constructions of the intern. Implications for pedagogy and practice, „Academy of Management Learning & Education” 2016, vol. 15, nr 3,
https://doi.org/10.5465/amle.2... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
63.
Stewart M. A., Sensational kin. Family, normativity and women’s weekly magazines, „Journal of International Women’s Studies” 2013, vol. 14, nr 4,
https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vo... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
64.
Struthers-Montford K. [i in.], ‘All I can do is help’. Transition experiences of male spouse caregivers of women with breast cancer, „Canadian Oncology Nursing Journal” 2016, vol. 26, nr 4,
http://www.canadianoncologynur... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
65.
Suwada K., Męskości opiekuńcze. Zaangażowanie w ojcostwo a rekonstrukcja modeli męskości, „Miscellanea Anthropologica et Sociologica” 2017, vol. 18, nr 2,
http://repozytorium.umk.pl/han... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
67.
Szczylik C., Szalone pomysły? Polska Partia Amazonek i postulat uruchomienia mechanizmów systemowych w opiece zdrowotnej, [w:] E. Zierkiewicz, Rozmowy o raku piersi. Trzy poziomy konstruowania znaczeń choroby, Oficyna Wydawnicza Atut, Wrocław 2010.
68.
Taylor-Brown J. [i in], Partner abandonment of women with breast cancer. Myth or reality?, „Cancer Practice” 2000, vol. 8, nr 4,
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523.... 2000.84004.x [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
69.
Temmerman M., Voorde M. van de, Absent husbands and whispering voices. A critical analysis of the representation of men in two popular Flemish women’s magazines, „Journal of Gender Studies” 2015, vol. 24, nr 1,
https://doi.org/10.1080/095892... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
70.
Thomeer M. B., Reczek C., Umberson D., Gendered emotion work around physical health problems in mid- and later-life marriages, „Journal of Aging Studies” 2015, vol. 32,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagi... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
71.
Traa M. J. [i in.], Dyadic coping and relationship functioning in couples coping with cancer. A systematic review, „British Journal of Health Psychology” 2015, vol. 20, nr 1,
https://doi.org/10.1111/bjhp.1... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
72.
Ussher J. M. [i in.], The gendered construction and experience of difficulties and rewards in cancer care „Qualitative Health Research” 2013, vol. 23, nr 7,
https://doi.org/10.1177/104973... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
73.
Ussher J. M., Wong W. K. T., Perz J., A qualitative analysis of changes in relationship dynamics and roles between people with cancer and their primary informal carer, „Health” 2011, vol. 15, nr 6,
https://doi.org/10.1177/136345... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
74.
Vinokur A. D.,Vinokur-Kaplan D., „In sickness and in health”. Patterns of social support and undermining in older married couples, „Journal of Ageing and Health” 1990, vol. 2, nr 2,
https://doi.org/10.1177/089826... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
75.
Weingarten K., Worthen M., Unreliable bodies. A follow-up twenty years later by a mother and daughter about the impact of illness and disability on their lives, „Family Process” 2017, vol. 56, nr 1,
https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.1... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
76.
Wetherell M., Positioning and interpretative repertoires. Conversation analysis and post-structuralism in dialogue, „Discourse & Society” 1998, vol. 9, nr 3,
https://doi.org/10.1177/095792... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
78.
Zabłocka-Żytka L., Zapotrzebowanie na wsparcie wśród kobiet po leczeniu chirurgicznym z powodu nowotworu piersi. Jakiego wsparcia i od kogo oczekują pacjentki?, „Psychoonkologia” 2018, vol. 22, nr 2,
https://doi.org/10.5114/pson.2... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
79.
Zielazny P., Zarzeczna-Baran M., Wojtecka A., System rodzinny a nowotwór – wybrane zagadnienia, „Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu” 2013, vol. 19, nr 4, s. 439–444,
http://www.monz.pl/System-rodz... nia,73432,0,1.html [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
80.
Zierkiewicz E., Prasa jako medium edukacyjne. Kulturowe reprezentacje raka piersi w czasopismach kobiecych, Oficyna Wydawnicza Impuls, Kraków 2013.
81.
Zierkiewicz E., Mazurek E., Couples dealing with breast cancer. The role of husbands in supporting their wives, „Studia Humanistyczne AGH” 2015, vol. 14, nr 2,
https://doi.org/10.7494/human.... [dostęp: 21.12.2019].
82.
Zierkiewicz E., Wechmann K., Życie od nowa. Społeczne zaangażowanie Amazonek – aktywnych pacjentek, Federacja Stowarzyszeń „Amazonki”, Poznań 2016.