Introduction. Health, illness, care and social support are phenomena that can be analysed in both medical and social contexts. Both perspectives are interrelated and interdependent. Aim. The aim of the study is to highlight the social context of health, illness, care and social support, which complement the already existing medical perspective that neglects the influence of factors not directly related to the biological human body. Methods and materials. The study is based on the method of reviewing Polish and international literature on social factors influencing the definitions of health and disease, determining the social effects experienced by the elderly and chronically ill, as well as determining the scope of available care and support. An analysis of available statistical data from the Central Statistical Office was also performed. Conclusion. The situation of an ageing population calls for reforms and changes in social policy to meet the growing needs for healthcare and care support that takes into account the needs of the elderly and chronically ill. It is necessary to develop and integrate a long-term care system that provides comprehensive medical, rehabilitive, and social support for the elderly and chronically ill. A major challenge is to prepare programmes to support active ageing. Through the integration of modern technology, the development of care systems and support for community initiatives, dignified and effective care can be provided for all those in need.