Aim: When World War I ended in 1918 the new, reborn Polish state faced a number of political, social and economic difficulties. The general poverty, the scarcity of people exhausted with years of occupation, and most of all, the disastrous health condition of children threatened the biological destruction of Polish society. It is interesting to describe the forms of supporting the youngest in the discussed historical period as the issue is still topical. What is more, a number of solutions introduced at that time were groundbreaking and became the pattern for other European countries. Methods: While incorporating the direct source method of the public health care system for children the wider activities were presented. They were applied to the whole families and the youngest members of the families and based on policy of the state. As the article represents both pedagogical and historical realms the analytic and comparative methods of the analysis of the collected materials were applied. It is inevitable to refer to legislative materials, articles, statistics and interwar and contemporary subject literature. Results: A groundbreaking moment for the newly born state and its social institutions was the introduction, after regaining independence in 1918, of the social security system and public health care system. The issue of social welfare was legally solved by the introduction of the bill from August 16, 1923. The protection of maternity, infants, children and young persons became one of the most important issues of social welfare activity. Among the numerous supporting activities, obviously the most meaningful.