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Measurement of Perception of Family of Origin: Polish Adaptation of the General Family Functioning Scale
1
Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Wrocław,
Wrocław, Poland
2
Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
Submission date: 2025-06-10
Acceptance date: 2025-09-22
Online publication date: 2025-12-04
Corresponding author
Ryszard Poprawa
Instytut Psychologii, Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Dawida 1, 50-527 Wrocław, Polska
Instytut Psychologii, Wydział Nauk Historycznych i Pedagogicznych, Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Dawida 1, 50-527 Wrocław, Polska
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Introduction. The McMaster Model of Family Functioning (Epstein et al., 1978) is one of the most widely used systemic models describing family functioning. It identifies three primary family tasks and evaluates functioning across six dimensions. Based on this model,
the McMaster Family Assessment Device (FAD) was developed to allow individuals to assess their family of origin. Aim. This article aims to present the adaptation and validation process of the Polish version of the General Family Functioning Scale (GFFS), a subscale of the FAD. The GFFS can be used independently to measure perceived satisfaction or distress related to family functioning. Methods and materials. The adaptation procedure included team translation and backtranslation, assessment of test–retest reliability, and evaluation of equivalence between the original and Polish versions. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to verify the scale’s structure. Criterion validity was tested using tools assessing family problems, attachment style, internalising and externalising symptoms, parental alcohol-related issues, psychological distress, and basic psychological needs satisfaction or frustration. Results. CFA confirmed a good fit with the one-factor model. The Polish version demonstrated satisfactory reliability and equivalence to the original. Criterion validity analyses showed positive correlations with indicators of family dysfunction. Conclusion. The Polish version of the GFFS is a valid and reliable screening tool for assessing perceived dysfunction in the family of origin.
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