The most outstanding archaeologist and professor at John Casimir University in Lviv as well as and a acknowledged politician (among others the Prime Minister (1934– 1935) of the Second Republic of Poland) was Professor Leon Kozłowski (1892–1944), a student of E. Majewski from Warsaw, R.R. Schmidt from the University of Tübingen and W. Demetrykiewicz from the Jagiellonian University in Krakow. As a professor of John Casimir University he cooperated with V. Gordon Childe from the UK and H. Breuil from France, the most outstanding archaeologists in Europe at that time. His publications stand out with a clear and well-argued reasoning, great dash and thorough knowledge of the materials and concepts of the time. He was also an excellent teacher of many Polish and Ukrainian archaeologists. After 1939, he was imprisoned and tortured in the Soviet Union and Germany, where he died in unknown circumstances in 1944. Among his pupils was Helena Cehak-Hołubowiczowa (1902–1979), who, with her husband Włodzimierz Hołubowicz (1908–1962), worked in the years 1931–1939 at the Stefan Batory University in Vilnius and between 1943 and 1945 they were the forced labourers in Austria. They both, since 1950, were employed at the University of Wroclaw and developed archaeology according to the ideas of Leon Kozłowski. Włodzimierz Hołubowicz developed the methodics and methodology of archaeology and Helena Cehak-Hołubowiczowa dealt with the religious beliefs of prehistoric and early medieval societies. Th ey educated many students who are now employees of the Institute of Archaeology at the University of Wroclaw, and other institutions.